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<title>Critic</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Critic</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="Critic_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Critic (disambiguation)">Critic (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="Critique" title="Critique">Critique</a>.</div>

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<p>A <b>critic</b> is a person who communicates an assessment and an opinion of various forms of creative works such as <a href="Art_criticism" title="Art criticism">art</a>, <a href="Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">literature</a>, <a href="Music_journalism" title="Music journalism">music</a>, <a href="Film_criticism" title="Film criticism">cinema</a>, <a href="Theater_criticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theater criticism">theater</a>, <a href="Fashion_journalism" title="Fashion journalism">fashion</a>, architecture, and food. Critics may also take as their subject <a href="Social_policy" title="Social policy">social</a> or <a href="Government_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Government policy">government policy</a>. Critical judgments, whether derived from <a href="Critical_thinking" title="Critical thinking">critical thinking</a> or not, weigh up a range of factors, including an assessment of the extent to which the item under review achieves its purpose and its creator's intention and a knowledge of its context. They may also include a positive or negative personal response.

</p><p>Characteristics of a good critic are articulateness, preferably having the ability to use language with a high level of appeal and skill. <a href="Sympathy" title="Sympathy">Sympathy</a>, <a href="Sensitivity_(physiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensitivity (physiology)">sensitivity</a> and <a href="Insight" title="Insight">insight</a> are also important. <a href="Substantial_form" title="Substantial form">Form</a>, <a href="Style_(sociolinguistics)" title="Style (sociolinguistics)">style</a> and <a href="Media_(communication)" class="mw-redirect" title="Media (communication)">medium</a> are all considered by the critic. In <a href="Architecture_criticism" title="Architecture criticism">architecture</a> and <a href="Food_critic" title="Food critic">food criticism</a>, the item's function, value and cost may be added components.

</p><p>Critics are publicly accepted and, to a significant degree, followed because of the quality of their assessments or their reputation. Influential critics of art, music, theater and architecture often present their arguments in complete books. One very famous example is <a href="John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a>'s <i><a href="Seven_Lamps_of_Architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Lamps of Architecture">Seven Lamps of Architecture</a></i> and <i><a href="The_Stones_of_Venice_(book)" title="The Stones of Venice (book)">The Stones of Venice</a></i>. Critics may base their assessment on a range of <a href="Theoretical_definition" title="Theoretical definition">theoretical positions</a>. For instance, they may take a <a href="Feminist" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist">feminist</a> or <a href="Freudian" class="mw-redirect" title="Freudian">Freudian</a> perspective.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Unlike other individuals who may editorialize on subjects via websites or letters written to publications, professional critics are paid to produce their assessment and opinions for <a href="Printing" title="Printing">print</a>, radio, magazine, television, or <a href="Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">Internet companies</a>. When their personal opinion outweighs considered judgment, people who give opinions, whether on current events, public affairs, sports, media or art are often referred to as "pundits" instead of critics.

</p><p>Critics are themselves subject to competing critics, since the final critical judgment always entails <a href="Subjectivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Subjectivity">subjectivity</a>. An established critic can play a powerful role as a public <a href="Arbitration" title="Arbitration">arbiter</a> of taste or opinion. Also, critics or a coordinated group of critics, may award symbols of recognition.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Derivation">Derivation</h2></div>

<p>The word "critic" comes from <a href="Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <i> </i>κριτικός<i> (kritikós)</i> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">able to discern</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is a Greek derivation of the word <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">κριτής</span></span> <i>(krités)</i>, meaning a person who offers <a href="Reasoned" class="mw-redirect" title="Reasoned">reasoned</a> judgment or <a href="Analysis" title="Analysis">analysis</a>, <a href="Value_judgment" title="Value judgment">value judgment</a>, <a href="Interpretation_(logic)" title="Interpretation (logic)">interpretation</a> or <a href="Observation" title="Observation">observation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early English meaning of criticism was based mainly on the <a href="Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">criticism of literature</a> and it was in the 17th century that more general forms of criticism began.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2></div>

<p>Characteristics of a good critic include articulateness, preferably having the ability to use language with a high level of appeal and skill, and sympathy, sensitivity and insight are also important factors.

</p><p>Critics have themselves commented on the characteristics of a good critic. The <a href="Cultural_critic" title="Cultural critic">cultural critic</a> <a href="Clement_Greenberg" title="Clement Greenberg">Clement Greenberg</a> wrote that a good critic excels through "insights into the evidence ... and by ... loyalty to the relevant", while poet and critic <a href="T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a> wrote that "a critic must have a very highly developed sense of <a href="Fact" title="Fact">fact</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 1971, <a href="Harold_C._Schonberg" title="Harold C. Schonberg">Harold C. Schonberg</a>, chief music critic of <i><a href="The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> from 1960 to 1980, said that he wrote for himself, "not necessarily for readers, not for musicians. ... It's not a critic's job to be right or wrong; it's his job to express an opinion in readable English."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schonberg was the first music critic to receive the <a href="Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a> for criticism.

</p><p><a href="Daniel_Mendelsohn" title="Daniel Mendelsohn">Daniel Mendelsohn</a> described the equation of criticism for critics as <a href="Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a> + <a href="Taste_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taste (sociology)">taste</a> = meaningful <a href="Judgement" title="Judgement">judgement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Restaurant critic Terry Durack explained that from a critic "you hope for a thorough, objective and legitimate discussion" that puts "opera, art or book into context, so that it adds to your own body of knowledge"; in the context of a restaurant criticism, this means it is "not about me liking it or not; it's about me helping you decide whether you are going to like it or not."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<p>Rothko's dilemma was that he wanted to employ the vocabulary of symbolism – the palpitating indeterminate space, the excruciatingly refined colour, the obsession with nuance, the presence of Mallarmé's "negated object" – to render the patriarchal despair and elevation of the Old Testament. Criticism doesn't get sharper, or more sensitive, or more deeply sympathetic to the object, than that.

</p><p><a href="Robert_Hughes_(critic)" title="Robert Hughes (critic)">Robert Hughes (critic)</a> on (artist) <a href="Mark_Rothko" title="Mark Rothko">Mark Rothko</a><sup id="cite_ref-Craven_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Craven-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_and_political_critics">Social and political critics</h2></div>

<p>Social and political critics have used various forms of art to express their criticism, including literature and music. <a href="Pierre_Beaumarchais" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Beaumarchais">Pierre Beaumarchais</a>, for example, prior to the <a href="French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, used his play <a href="The_Marriage_of_Figaro_(play)" title="The Marriage of Figaro (play)"><i>The Marriage of Figaro</i></a> to denounce aristocratic privilege, and a critic's influence is enhanced by subsequent reworkings such as the operatic versions of Beaumarchais's play (<i><a href="The_Barber_of_Seville" title="The Barber of Seville">The Barber of Seville</a></i>) by <a href="Gioachino_Rossini" title="Gioachino Rossini">Rossini</a> and (<i><a href="The_Marriage_of_Figaro" title="The Marriage of Figaro">The Marriage of Figaro</a></i>) by <a href="Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Mozart</a>. <a href="August_Ahlqvist" title="August Ahlqvist">August Ahlqvist</a>, a Finnish professor and poet, who highly admired <a href="J._L._Runeberg" class="mw-redirect" title="J. L. Runeberg">J. L. Runeberg</a>, the national poet of Finland, gave very negative feedback to the entire literary production of the author <a href="Aleksis_Kivi" title="Aleksis Kivi">Aleksis Kivi</a>, when Kivi presented content of the peoples social life in the form of rude <a href="Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">realism</a> instead of <a href="Romanticism" title="Romanticism">romanticism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the most famous social/political criticism in literary form are <a href="Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift">Jonathan Swift's</a> satire <i><a href="Gulliver's_Travels" title="Gulliver's Travels">Gulliver's Travels</a></i> and <a href="George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a>'s satire <i><a href="Animal_Farm" title="Animal Farm">Animal Farm</a></i>. Some political critics, such as <a href="Ai_Weiwei" title="Ai Weiwei">Ai Weiwei</a> use visual art as their medium. Throughout history, political critics have faced higher risks, including the risk of imprisonment or death.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Online_critics">Online critics</h2></div>

<p>Several websites have developed for the purpose of compiling or publishing original critical reviews. Examples include <a href="Blogcritics" title="Blogcritics">Blogcritics</a>, <a href="Rotten_Tomatoes" title="Rotten Tomatoes">Rotten Tomatoes</a>, and <a href="Yelp" title="Yelp">Yelp</a>. According to <a href="A._O._Scott" title="A. O. Scott">A. O. Scott</a>, chief film critic for <i><a href="The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, everyone on the Internet is a critic.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some critics like <a href="Roger_Ebert" title="Roger Ebert">Roger Ebert</a> achieve iconic status in pop culture and become well regarded.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cinematography_and_television">Cinematography and television</h2></div>

<p>The American film critics Roger Ebert and <a href="Gene_Siskel" title="Gene Siskel">Gene Siskel</a> <a href="At_the_Movies_(1986_TV_program)#Siskel_&_Ebert_&_the_Movies_(1986–1999)" title="At the Movies (1986 TV program)">collaborated</a> and appeared on television sometimes agreeing on their review of cinematographic works; sometimes they would differ.

</p><p>Film critics may use <a href="Star_(classification)#Films" title="Star (classification)">star classification</a> to qualify the reviewed works.

</p><p>Characters depicting critics have been part of some movies, and have been represented in comedies, such as a <a href="Food_critic" title="Food critic">food critic</a> in the animated fantasy-comedy <i><a href="Ratatouille_(film)" title="Ratatouille (film)"> Ratatouille</a></i>, and as an <a href="Art_critic" title="Art critic">art critic</a> in one of the initial parts of the anthology comedy film <i><a href="The_History_of_the_World_Part_I" class="mw-redirect" title="The History of the World Part I">The History of the World Part I</a></i>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Responses_to_critics">Responses to critics</h2></div>

<p>People whose work is the subject of criticism have a full range of responses to it. For example, they may be appreciative, offended, distressed, encouraged, amused or nonplussed.

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<p>We do not object to criticism; and we do not expect that the critic will read the book before writing a notice of it. We do not even expect the reviewer of the book will say that he has not read it. No we have no anticipations of anything unusual in this age of criticism.

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<div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""><a href="Satire" title="Satire">Satirical</a> comment about potential criticism by <a href="Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a> and <a href="Charles_Dudley_Warner" title="Charles Dudley Warner">Charles Dudley Warner</a> in their Preface to the American Edition of their co-authored novel <i><a href="The_Gilded_Age%3A_A_Tale_of_Today" title="The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today">The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-SLC&CDW_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SLC&CDW-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div>

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<ul><li><a href="Analysis" title="Analysis">Analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Art_criticism" title="Art criticism">Art criticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Art_historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Art historian">Art historian</a></li>

<li><a href="Censorship" title="Censorship">Censorship</a></li>

<li><a href="Complaint" title="Complaint">Complaint</a></li>

<li><a href="Connoisseur" title="Connoisseur">Connoisseur</a></li>

<li><a href="Constructive_criticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Constructive criticism">Constructive criticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Critical_philosophy" title="Critical philosophy">Critical philosophy</a></li>

<li><a href="Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Critical_thinking" title="Critical thinking">Critical thinking</a></li>

<li>Critical vocabulary</li>

<li><a href="Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li>

<li><a href="Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li>

<li><a href="Critique" title="Critique">Critique</a></li>

<li><a href="Cultural_critic" title="Cultural critic">Cultural critic</a></li>

<li><a href="Film_criticism" title="Film criticism">Film criticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Food_critic" title="Food critic">Food critic</a></li>

<li><a href="Frankfurt_School_of_social_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt School of social theory">Frankfurt School of social theory</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_chief_music_critics" title="List of chief music critics">List of chief music critics</a></li>

<li><a href="Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">Literary criticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Music_journalism" title="Music journalism">Music journalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Polemic" title="Polemic">Polemic</a></li>

<li><a href="Review" title="Review">Review</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_criticism" title="Social criticism">Social criticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">Textual criticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Theatre_criticism" title="Theatre criticism">Theatre criticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Video_game_criticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Video game criticism">Video game criticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Wine_critic" title="Wine critic">Wine critic</a></li></ul></div>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6430706#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata951" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6430706#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata951" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Kritiker"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4165775-5">Germany</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Kritikerin"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/7539326-8">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85034154">United States</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10639151">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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